1. 1. Regan AK, Promoff G, Dube SR, Arrazola R (2013) Electronic nicotine delivery systems adult use and awareness of the e cigarette in the USA. Tob Control 22 19 23. doi 10.1136/tobaccocontrol 2011 050044. pmid 22034071
   • View Article
   • PubMed/NCBI
   • Google Scholar
2. 2. Pearson JL, Richardson A, Niaura RS, Vallone DM, Abrams DB (2012) e Cigarette awareness, use, and harm perceptions in US adults. Am J Public Health 102 1758 1766. doi 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300526. pmid 22813087
   • View Article
   • PubMed/NCBI
   • Google Scholar
3. 3. Manani M, Jegatheesan P, DeSandre G, Song D, Showalter L, et al. (2013) Elimination of admission hypothermia in preterm very low birth weight infants by standardization of delivery room management. Perm J 17 8 13. doi 10.7812/TPP/12 130. pmid 24355884
   • View Article
   • PubMed/NCBI
   • Google Scholar
4. 4. Williams M, Villarreal A, Bozhilov K, Lin S, Talbot P (2013) Metal and silicate particles including nanoparticles are present in electronic cigarette cartomizer fluid and aerosol. PLoS One 8 e57987. doi 10.1371/ pmid 23526962
   • View Article
   • PubMed/NCBI
   • Google Scholar
5. 5. Kim HJ, Shin HS (2013) Determination of tobacco specific nitrosamines in replacement liquids of electronic cigarettes by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 1291 48 55. doi 10.1016/ pmid 23602640
   • View Article
   • PubMed/NCBI
   • Google Scholar
6. 6. Goniewicz ML, Knysak J, Gawron M, Kosmider L, Sobczak A, et al. (2013) Levels of selected carcinogens and toxicants in vapour from electronic cigarettes. Tob Control 23 133 139. doi 10.1136/tobaccocontrol 2012 050859. pmid 23467656
   • View Article
   • PubMed/NCBI
   • Google Scholar
7. 7. McAuley TR, Hopke PK, Zhao J, Babaian S (2012) Comparison of the effects of e cigarette vapor and cigarette smoke on indoor air quality. Inhal Toxicol 24 850 857. doi 10.3109/08958378.2012.724728. pmid 23033998
   • View Article
   • PubMed/NCBI
   • Google Scholar
8. 8. Schripp T, Markewitz D, Uhde E, Salthammer T (2013) Does e cigarette consumption cause passive vaping? Indoor Air 23 25 31. doi 10.1111/j.1600 0668.2012.00792.x. pmid 22672560
   • View Article
   • PubMed/NCBI
   • Google Scholar
9. 9. Schober W, Szendrei K, Matzen W, Osiander Fuchs H, Heitmann D, et al. (2013) Use of electronic cigarettes (e cigarettes) impairs indoor air quality and increases FeNO levels of e cigarette consumers. Int J Hyg Environ Health. doi 10.1016/ pmid 24698449
   • View Article
   • PubMed/NCBI
   • Google Scholar
10. 10. Kosmider L, Sobczak A, Fik M, Knysak J, Zaciera M, et al. (2014) Carbonyl Compounds in Electronic Cigarette Vapors Effects of Nicotine Solvent and Battery Output Voltage. Nicotine Tob Res. pmid 25548256 doi 10.1093/ntr/ntu078
    • View Article
    • PubMed/NCBI
    • Google Scholar
11. 11. Park S, Walser T, Perdomo C, Wang T, Pagano P, et al. The effect of e cigarette exposure on airway epithelial cell gene expression and transformation 2014 San Diego, CA. pp. B16.
12. 12. Bertholon JF, Becquemin MH, Annesi Maesano I, Dautzenberg B (2013) Electronic cigarettes a short review. Respiration 86 433 438. doi 10.1159/000353253. pmid 24080743
    • View Article
    • PubMed/NCBI
    • Google Scholar
13. 13. Pryor WA, Terauchi K, Davis WH. (1976) Electron spin resonance (ESR) study of cigarette smoke by use of spin trapping techniques. Environ Health Perspect 16 161 176. pmid 189998 doi 10.1289/ehp.7616161
    • View Article
    • PubMed/NCBI
    • Google Scholar
14. 14. Soler Cataluna JJ, Martinez Garcia MA, Roman Sanchez P, Salcedo E, Navarro M, et al. (2005) Severe acute exacerbations and mortality in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Thorax 60 925 931. pmid 16055622 doi 10.1136/thx.2005.040527
    • View Article
    • PubMed/NCBI
    • Google Scholar
15. 15. Thimmulappa RK, Gang X, Kim JH, Sussan TE, Witztum JL, et al. (2012) Oxidized phospholipids impair pulmonary antibacterial defenses evidence in mice exposed to cigarette smoke. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 426 253 259. doi 10.1016/ pmid 22935414
    • View Article
    • PubMed/NCBI
    • Google Scholar
16. 16. Stewart SM, Wu WH, Lalime EN, Pekosz A (2010) The cholesterol recognition/interaction amino acid consensus motif of the influenza A virus M2 protein is not required for virus replication but contributes to virulence. Virology 405 530 538. doi 10.1016/ pmid 20655564
    • View Article
    • PubMed/NCBI
    • Google Scholar
17. 17. Grantham ML, Stewart SM, Lalime EN, Pekosz A (2010) Tyrosines in the influenza A virus M2 protein cytoplasmic tail are critical for production of infectious virus particles. J Virol 84 8765 8776. doi 10.1128/JVI.00853 10. pmid 20573832
    • View Article
    • PubMed/NCBI
    • Google Scholar
18. 18. Etter JF (2014) Levels of saliva cotinine in electronic cigarette users. Addiction 109 825 829. doi 10.1111/add.12475. pmid 24401004
    • View Article
    • PubMed/NCBI
    • Google Scholar
19. 19. Flouris AD, Chorti MS, Poulianiti KP, Jamurtas AZ, Kostikas K, et al. (2013) Acute impact of active and passive electronic cigarette smoking on serum cotinine and lung function. Inhal Toxicol 25 91 101. doi 10.3109/08958378.2012.758197. pmid 23363041
    • View Article
    • PubMed/NCBI
    • Google Scholar
20. 20. Harvey CJ, Thimmulappa RK, Sethi S, Kong X, Yarmus L, et al. (2011) Targeting Nrf2 signaling improves bacterial clearance by alveolar macrophages in patients with COPD and in a mouse model. Sci Transl Med 3 78ra32. doi 10.1126/scitranslmed.3002042. pmid 21490276
    • View Article
    • PubMed/NCBI
    • Google Scholar
21. 21. Rangasamy T, Cho CY, Thimmulappa RK, Zhen L, Srisuma SS, et al. (2004) Genetic ablation of Nrf2 enhances susceptibility to cigarette smoke induced emphysema in mice. J Clin Invest 114 1248 1259. pmid 15520857 doi 10.1172/jci200421146
    • View Article
    • PubMed/NCBI
    • Google Scholar
22. 22. Sussan TE, Rangasamy T, Blake DJ, Malhotra D, El Haddad H, et al. (2009) Targeting Nrf2 with the triterpenoid CDDO imidazolide attenuates cigarette smoke induced emphysema and cardiac dysfunction in mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 106 250 255. doi 10.1073/pnas.0804333106. pmid 19104057
    • View Article
    • PubMed/NCBI
    • Google Scholar
23. 23. Vardavas CI, Anagnostopoulos N, Kougias M, Evangelopoulou V, Connolly GN, et al. (2012) Short term pulmonary effects of using an electronic cigarette impact on respiratory flow resistance, impedance, and exhaled nitric oxide. Chest 141 1400 1406. doi 10.1378/chest.11 2443. pmid 22194587
    • View Article
    • PubMed/NCBI
    • Google Scholar
24. 24. Berenson CS, Garlipp MA, Grove LJ, Maloney J, Sethi S (2006) Impaired phagocytosis of nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae by human alveolar macrophages in chronic obstructive pulmonary
    disease. J Infect Dis 194 1375 1384. pmid 17054066 doi 10.1086/508428
    • View Article
    • PubMed/NCBI
    • Google Scholar
25. 25. Drannik AG, Pouladi MA, Robbins CS, Goncharova SI, Kianpour S, et al. (2004) Impact of cigarette smoke on clearance and inflammation after Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 170 1164 1171. pmid 15317669 doi 10.1164/rccm.200311 1521oc
    • View Article
    • PubMed/NCBI
    • Google Scholar
26. 26. Robbins CS, Bauer CM, Vujicic N, Gaschler GJ, Lichty BD, et al. (2006) Cigarette smoke impacts immune inflammatory responses to influenza in mice. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 174 1342 1351. pmid 17023734 doi 10.1164/rccm.200604 561oc
    • View Article
    • PubMed/NCBI
    • Google Scholar
27. 27. Rabe KF, Hurd S, Anzueto A, Barnes PJ, Buist SA, et al. (2007) Global strategy for the diagnosis, management, and prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease GOLD executive summary. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 176 532 555. pmid 17507545 doi 10.1164/rccm.200703 456so
    • View Article
    • PubMed/NCBI
    • Google Scholar
28. 28. Saini A, Harjai K, Chhibber S (2013) Inhibitory effect of polyunsaturated fatty acids on apoptosis induced by Streptococcus pneumoniae in alveolar macrophages. Indian J Med Res 137 1193 1198. pmid 23852301
    • View Article
    • PubMed/NCBI
    • Google Scholar
29. 29. Taut K, Winter C, Briles DE, Paton JC, Christman JW, et al. (2008) Macrophage Turnover Kinetics in the Lungs of Mice Infected with Streptococcus pneumoniae. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 38 105 113. pmid 17690327 doi 10.1165/rcmb.2007 0132oc
    • View Article
    • PubMed/NCBI
    • Google Scholar
30. 30. Gualano RC, Hansen MJ, Vlahos R, Jones JE, Park Jones RA, et al. (2008) Cigarette smoke worsens lung inflammation and impairs resolution of influenza infection in mice. Respir Res 9 53. doi 10.1186/1465 9921 9 53. pmid 18627612
    • View Article
    • PubMed/NCBI
    • Google Scholar
31. 31. Feng Y, Kong Y, Barnes PF, Huang FF, Klucar P, et al. (2011) Exposure to cigarette smoke inhibits the pulmonary T cell response to influenza virus and Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Infect Immun 79 229 237. doi 10.1128/IAI.00709 10. pmid 20974820
    • View Article
    • PubMed/NCBI
    • Google Scholar
32. 32. Wang X, Chan CC, Yang M, Deng J, Poon VK, et al. (2011) A critical role of IL 17 in modulating the B cell response during H5N1 influenza virus infection. Cell Mol Immunol 8 462 468. doi 10.1038/cmi.2011.38. pmid 21946434
    • View Article
    • PubMed/NCBI
    • Google Scholar
33. 33. Razani Boroujerdi S, Singh SP, Knall C, Hahn FF, Pena Philippides JC, et al. (2004) Chronic nicotine inhibits inflammation and promotes influenza infection. Cell Immunol 230 1 9. pmid 15541713 doi 10.1016/
    • View Article
    • PubMed/NCBI
    • Google Scholar
34. 34. Giebelen IA, Leendertse M, Florquin S, van der Poll T (2009) Stimulation of acetylcholine receptors impairs host defence during pneumococcal pneumonia. Eur Respir J 33 375 381. doi 10.1183/09031936.00103408. pmid 18829677
    • View Article
    • PubMed/NCBI
    • Google Scholar
35. 35. Matsunaga K, Klein TW, Friedman H, Yamamoto Y (2001) Involvement of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in suppression of antimicrobial activity and cytokine responses of alveolar macrophages to Legionella pneumophila infection by nicotine. J Immunol 167 6518 6524. pmid 11714820 doi 10.4049/jimmunol.167.11.6518
    • View Article
    • PubMed/NCBI
    • Google Scholar
36. 36. Wongtrakool C, Grooms K, Ping XD, Rivera H, Ward J, et al. (2012) In utero nicotine exposure promotes M2 activation in neonatal mouse alveolar macrophages. Pediatr Res 72 147 153. pmid 22562289 doi 10.1038/pr.2012.55
    • View Article
    • PubMed/NCBI
    • Google Scholar
37. 37. Radek KA, Elias PM, Taupenot L, Mahata SK, O Connor DT, et al. (2010) Neuroendocrine nicotinic receptor activation increases susceptibility to bacterial infections by suppressing antimicrobial peptide production. Cell Host Microbe 7 277 289. doi 10.1016/ pmid 20413096
    • View Article
    • PubMed/NCBI
    • Google Scholar
38. 38. Kar Mahapatra S, Bhattacharjee S, Chakraborty SP, Majumdar S, Roy S (2011) Alteration of immune functions and Th1/Th2 cytokine balance in nicotine induced murine macrophages immunomodulatory role of eugenol and N acetylcysteine. Int Immunopharmacol 11 485 495. doi 10.1016/ pmid 21237301
    • View Article
    • PubMed/NCBI
    • Google Scholar
39. 39. Varughese S, Teschke K, Brauer M, Chow Y, van Netten C, et al. (2005) Effects of theatrical smokes and fogs on respiratory health in the entertainment industry. Am J Ind Med 47 411 418. pmid 15828073 doi 10.1002/ajim.20151
    • View Article
    • PubMed/NCBI
    • Google Scholar
40. 40. Wieslander G, Norback D, Lindgren T (2001) Experimental exposure to propylene glycol mist in aviation emergency training acute ocular and respiratory effects. Occup Environ Med 58 649 655. pmid 11555686 doi 10.1136/oem.58.10.649
    • View Article
    • PubMed/NCBI
    • Google Scholar
41. 41. McCauley L, Markin C, Hosmer D (2012) An unexpected consequence of electronic cigarette use. Chest 141 1110 1113. doi 10.1378/chest.11 1334. pmid 22474155
    • View Article
    • PubMed/NCBI
    • Google Scholar
42. 42. Matt U, Sharif O, Martins R, Furtner T, Langeberg L, et al. (2013) WAVE1 mediates suppression of phagocytosis by phospholipid derived DAMPs. J Clin Invest 123 3014 3024. doi 10.1172/JCI60681. pmid 23934128
    • View Article
    • PubMed/NCBI
    • Google Scholar
43. 43. Bahl V, Lin S, Xu N, Davis B, Wang YH, et al. (2012) Comparison of electronic cigarette refill fluid cytotoxicity using embryonic and adult models. Reprod Toxicol 34 529 537. doi 10.1016/ pmid 22989551
    • View Article
    • PubMed/NCBI
    • Google Scholar
44. 44. Romagna G, Allifranchini E, Bocchietto E, Todeschi S, Esposito M, et al. (2013) Cytotoxicity evaluation of electronic cigarette vapor extract on cultured mammalian fibroblasts (ClearStream LIFE) comparison with tobacco cigarette smoke extract. Inhal Toxicol 25 354 361. doi 10.3109/08958378.2013.793439. pmid 23742112
    • View Article
    • PubMed/NCBI
    • Google Scholar
45. 45. Benowitz NL, Herrera B, Jacob P (2004) Mentholated cigarette smoking inhibits nicotine metabolism. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 310 1208 1215. pmid 15084646 doi 10.1124/jpet.104.066902
    • View Article
    • PubMed/NCBI
    • Google Scholar

Public health cigarette smoking act – wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Cigarettes online Blog Archive Royal club cigarettes greensboro nc

The Public Health Cigarette Smoking Act is a United States federal law, passed in 1970, designed to limit the practice of smoking. It required a stronger health warning on cigarette packages, saying “Warning The Surgeon General Has Determined that Cigarette Smoking Is Dangerous to Your Health”. The Act also banned cigarette advertisements on American radio and television. 1

Origins edit

The Public Health Cigarette Smoking Act was one of the major bills resulting from the 1964 report by the Surgeon General, Luther Leonidas Terry. The report found that lung cancer and chronic bronchitis are causally related to cigarette smoking. 2 Congress previously passed the Cigarette Labeling and Advertising Act in 1965 requiring that all cigarette packages sold in the United States carry a health warning. 2 3 But after a recommendation by the Federal Trade Commission, the Public Health Cigarette Smoking Act amended the 1965 law so that the warnings are made in the name of the Surgeon General. 3 4

One of the major advocates of the cigarette advertising ban was the Federal Communications Commission. The FCC argued that since the topic of smoking is controversial, numerous TV and radio stations continued to break the Fairness Doctrine when airing these commercials because they did not give equal time to the opposing viewpoint that smoking is dangerous. 4

The Public Health Cigarette Smoking Act was introduced into Congress in 1969, but it was not until April 1, 1970 when U.S. President Richard Nixon signed it into law. The actual cigarette advertising ban did not come into force until January 2, 1971, as per a compromise that allowed broadcasters to air these commercials during their telecasts of college football bowl games on New Year’s Day. 4

Effects edit

In 1981, the FTC reported that the health warning labels as mandated by the Public Health Cigarette Smoking Act had little effect on American smoking habits. Congress therefore passed the Comprehensive Smoking Education Act of 1984, requiring more specific health warnings. 5

The tobacco industry has begun to use a variety of other marketing tools and strategies to influence people and attract new customers. 6 In particular, ads targeted to adolescents affect their perceptions on the image and function of smoking. 7 In 1991, the Journal of the American Medical Association published a study showing that more children 5 and 6 years old could recognize Camel cigarettes’ Joe Camel mascot than could recognize Mickey Mouse or Fred Flintstone. 8 Camel increased its adolescent customer base dramatically, from less than 1% before 1988 to more than 13% in 1993. 6 Tobacco sought protection from Congress so they could all leave broadcasting together without violating any anti trust laws. The only lawsuit that followed was from the broadcaster in an effort to keep tobacco advertising on television and radio.

References edit

1. ” Public Health Cigarette Smoking Act of 1969″. Retrieved 2007 03 31.
2. a b “History of the Surgeon General’s Report on Smoking and Health”. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Archived from the original on 2007 05 03. Retrieved 2007 03 31.
3. a b “The 1964 Report on Smoking and Health”. United States National Library of Medicine. Retrieved 2007 03 31.
4. a b c “History of Tobacco Regulation”. Retrieved 2007 03 31.
5. “2000 Surgeon General’s Report Reducing Tobacco Use diljfoig use protection”. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Archived from the original on 2007 04 27. Retrieved 2007 03 31.
6. a b “2000 Surgeon General’s Report Reducing Tobacco Use Tobacco Advertising and Promotion”. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Archived from the original on 2007 04 27. Retrieved 2007 03 31.
7. “1994 Surgeon General’s Report Preventing Tobacco Use Among Young People Major Conclusions”. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Archived from the original on 2008 03 05. Retrieved 2007 03 31.
8. Fischer PM, Schwartz MP, Richards JW Jr, Goldstein AO, Rojas TH. Brand logo recognition by children aged 3 to 6 years. Mickey Mouse and Old Joe the Camel. JAMA. 1991 December 11 266(22) 3145 8. PMID 1956101

a